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Subcutaneous administration of the anticoagulant heparin sodium is a frequently performed nursing intervention. Subcutaneous heparin injection often causes problems such as bruise, pain, induration, and hematoma at the injection s...
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Subcutaneous administration of the anticoagulant heparin sodium is a frequently performed nursing intervention. Subcutaneous heparin injection often causes problems such as bruise, pain, induration, and hematoma at the injection site. Bruising that result from heparin injections may lead to anxiety, disruption of body image, the rejection of the treatment in patients, and the reduction of the reliance of patient to nurse. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects of four different injection technique pain and on bruising associated with subcutaneous heparin. The research involved ninety-five patients. Each subject received four injections by the same investigator using four different techniques. Site bruising was measured at forty-eight and seventy-two after each injection. The bruising size was measured using milimetric transparent palyethylene wrap and the verbal pain scale. There was significant difference in the incidence or size of bruises and pain perception the subject among techniques. Results of the study show that use of air lock technique without aspiration and two-minute cold application to the area of injection with methods reduce bruise and pain.
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Background To provide insight into bone turnover, quantitative measurements of bone remodeling are required. Radionuclide studies are widely used in clinical care, but have been rarely used in the exploration of the bone in precli...
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Background To provide insight into bone turnover, quantitative measurements of bone remodeling are required. Radionuclide studies are widely used in clinical care, but have been rarely used in the exploration of the bone in preclinical studies. We describe a bone planar scintigraphy method for frequent assessment of bone activity in mice across the growing period. Since repeated venous radiotracer injections are hardly feasible in mice, we investigated the subcutaneous route. Methods Repeated 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) tracer bone planar scintigraphy studies of the knee region and μCT to measure femur growth rate were performed in eight mice between week 6 and week 27 of life, i.e., during their growth period. Three independent investigators assessed the regions of interest (ROI). An index was calculated based on the counts in knees ROI (normalized by pixels and seconds), corrected for the activity administered, the decay between administration and imaging, and individual weights. Results A total of 93 scintigraphy studies and 85 μCT were performed. Repeated subcutaneous tracer injections were well tolerated and allowed for adequate radionuclide studies. Mean scintigraphic indexes in the knees ROI decreased from 87.4?±?2.6?×?10?6 counts s?1?pixel?1 MBq?1?g?1 at week 6 to 15.0?±?3.3?×?10?6 counts?s?1 pixel?1 MBq?1?g?1 at week 27. The time constant of the fitted exponential decay was equal to 23.5 days. As control mean femur length assessed by μCT increased from 12.2?±?0.8?mm at week 6 to 15.8?±?0.2 mm at week 22. The time constant of the fitted Gompertz law was equal to 26.7 days. A correlation index of ?0.97 was found between femur growth and decrease of bone tracer activity count between week 6 and 24. Conclusion This methodological study demonstrates the potential of repeated bone planar scintigraphy in growing mice, with subcutaneous route for tracer administration, for quantitative assessment of bone remodeling.
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Tumors in about 15% of patients with breast cancer overexpress HER2. Trastuzumab (Herceptin?; F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against HER2. While the introduction of trastuzumab has cha...
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Tumors in about 15% of patients with breast cancer overexpress HER2. Trastuzumab (Herceptin?; F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against HER2. While the introduction of trastuzumab has changed the natural course of HER2-positive breast cancer, the need for repeated administration of the drug over a prolonged period of time represents a challenge. Similarly to other chronic disorders, subcutaneous administration of monoclonal antibodies may be of advantage in this setting. The results of a prospective randomized Phase III study have demonstrated that subcutaneous trastuzumab is noninferior compared with the intravenous administration of the drug in terms of efficacy (assessed as pathological complete response rate) as well as in pharmacokinetic parameters. Moreover, another prospective randomized study showed that an overwhelming majority of patients prefer subcutaneous over intravenous trastuzumab. The advent of subcutaneous trastuzumab represents an important progress in the concept of cancer management that is based also on patient choice and preferences.
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Abstract Aim The aim of the study is to provide usage of subcutaneous tissue of lateral calf area (region of M. Gastrocnemius) in addition to the existing injection regions and to compare tissue thicknesses of the lateral upper ar...
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Abstract Aim The aim of the study is to provide usage of subcutaneous tissue of lateral calf area (region of M. Gastrocnemius) in addition to the existing injection regions and to compare tissue thicknesses of the lateral upper arm, anterior and lateral thigh, anterior abdomen regions and calf regions. Background Subcutaneous injection (SC) is an application of 0.5 cc drug with an injection (No. 25 and 8–15–18 mm long) to the connective tissue under the skin. Individuals to which SC injection is frequently applied, should rotate the injection areas. Methods This research uses the descriptive method. One hundred and sixty-one students (aged; 20.09 ± 2.268) were used as test subjects. Demographic data was obtained from the students who agreed to participate in the research. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Skin thickness measured using the Holtain Skinfold Caliper. SPSS 20 package software was used for statistical analysis of the data. For comparison of the tissue thicknesses between genders, the t -test was used for independent groups. In order to determine the interactions between anthropometric measurements within each other and other numerical measurements (age, length. BMI, etc.). Pearson Correlation coefficient and related P value was performed. Statistical P value is taken as 0.05. Results Consideration of subcutaneous injection applicability of the calf region depended on the injector lengths: 8 mm, 15 mm and 18 mm, 86.3%, 59.6% and 47.8% of the population, respectively were found applicable for this region. Conclusions The calf region could be recommended as SC injection region with an 8 mm injector. According to the findings it can be said that the calf region of female genders is more applicable than male genders for SC injection. Calf region could be proposed as anticoagulation treatment. Highlights What is already known the topic? ? Individuals to which SC injection is frequently applied, should rotate the injection areas. What this paper adds? ? Easy access to the injection areas are preferred by individuals in long-term self Injection application. ? The calf region is easy to access and adds extra injection site to the rotation. The calf region was found applicable for subcutaneous injections with an 8-mm injector size for 86.3% of the population.
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? 2023Background and Aim: Subcutaneous administration may result in complications such as bruising and pain at the injection site. This study was performed as in order to determine the effect of cold application and compression on...
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? 2023Background and Aim: Subcutaneous administration may result in complications such as bruising and pain at the injection site. This study was performed as in order to determine the effect of cold application and compression on pain and bruising in subcutaneous heparin injection. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial. 72 patients were included in the study. Each patient in the sample was both experimental (cold and compression) and control groups and 3 different parts of abdomen were used for injection of each patient. The data of the research were collected by using Patient Identification Form, Subcutaneous Heparin Observation Form and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: In the study, it was observed that after heparin injection, ecchymosis developed in 16.4%, 28.8%, and 54.8% of the patients, respectively, and pain was experienced during injection in 12.3%, 43.5%, and 44.2% of the patients, respectively, on the pressure, cold application, and control site groups, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: In the study, it was found that bruising size of the compression group was smaller in contrast with the other groups. When the VAS mean was examined for the groups, it was found that the patients in the compression group had lower pain than the other groups. In order to prevent complications that may arise in nurses' subcutaneous heparin injections and to increase the quality of patient care, it may be recommended to transfer the 60-second compression application after subcutaneous heparin applications to clinical applications and to conduct studies comparing compression and cold application with other applications for future studies.
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Fabry disease (FD, OMIM 301500) is a rare X‐linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder associated with reduced activities of α‐galactosidase A (aGal, EC 3.2.1.22). The current standard of care for FD is based on enzyme replace...
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Fabry disease (FD, OMIM 301500) is a rare X‐linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder associated with reduced activities of α‐galactosidase A (aGal, EC 3.2.1.22). The current standard of care for FD is based on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), in which a recombinantly produced version of αGal is intravenously (iv) applied to Fabry patients in biweekly intervals. Though the iv application is clinically efficacious, periodical infusions are inconvenient, time‐ and resource‐consuming and they negatively impact the patients’ quality of life. Subcutaneous (sc) injection, in contrast, is an established route of administration for treatment of chronic conditions. It opens the beneficial option of self‐administration, thereby improving patients’ quality of life and at the same time reducing treatment costs. We have previously shown that Moss‐α‐Galactosidase (moss‐aGal), recombinantly produced in the moss Physcomitrium patens , is efficient in degrading accumulated Gb3 in target organs of murine model of FD and in the phase I clinical study, we obtained first efficacy evidence in human patients following single iv infusion. Here, we tested the efficacy of subcutaneous administration of moss‐aGal and compared it with the results observed following iv infusion in Fabry mice. The obtained findings demonstrate that subcutaneously applied moss‐aGal is correctly transported to target organs and efficacious in degrading Gb3 deposits there and thus suggest the possibility of using this route of administration for therapy of Fabry disease.
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Background Histological analysis of hyaluronic acid (HA) applied in the nasolabial fold (NLF) studied gel distribution into the dermis and subcutaneous fat, correlating density of NLF tissues, with cohesivity, concentration and de...
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Background Histological analysis of hyaluronic acid (HA) applied in the nasolabial fold (NLF) studied gel distribution into the dermis and subcutaneous fat, correlating density of NLF tissues, with cohesivity, concentration and degradation of HA. Method Ten patients received two injection points on each NLF. They were intradermal near the nasal ala and subcutaneous near the oral commissure. Injection points received 0.1 ml of 24 mg/ml HA cross-linked by BDDE 2.0 ppm through a bolus technique injection without retrograde backflow. Biopsies were taken 72 h and 9 months after application to histological analysis. Results Dermis density fragmented the gel into small nodules, spreading it into the reticular dermis. Seventy-two hours after application, average diameter of the small nodules was 0.30 mm and at month nine 0.05 mm. Softness of the subcutaneous fat and high concentration of HA created a single and compact nodule. Seventy-two hours after application, average of nodule diameters was 1.05 mm and at month nine 0.49 mm. HA biodegradation occurred on the external surface of the gel. The single nodule offered small contact surface to enzymes, slowing gel degradation. The sum average of the diameters of the small nodules offered a large contact surface to enzymes, accelerating gel degradation. Conclusion Permanence of the HA into the tissues depended on the relationship between the gel distribution and its degradation. Due to the small contact surface of the single nodule to enzymes, permanence of the HA into the subcutaneous fat was more extended than into the dermis.
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? RJPT All right reserved.Objective: Anticoagulation has proved to be an important treatment modality in preventing thrombus formation. Local side effects of heparin injection include pain, erythema and ecchymosis. Role of nurse i...
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? RJPT All right reserved.Objective: Anticoagulation has proved to be an important treatment modality in preventing thrombus formation. Local side effects of heparin injection include pain, erythema and ecchymosis. Role of nurse is. Strategic measures to be designed to minimize the local side effects during the administration of heparin. Hence the study was conducted with objective to determine the effectiveness of dry cold application on pain and ecchymosis. Methods: Post-test only research design was adopted to conduct the study with 60 samples who met the inclusion criteria and samples were randomly allocated into experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The demographic variables were collected at the beginning of the study. Experimental group received dry cold application for 3 minutes on the heparin injection site before the administration of heparin injection whereas control group received the routine care. Level of pain was assessed immediately after withdrawing the needle, 4 hours and 8 hours by using numerical pain rating scale and ecchymosis was assessed 48 hours and 72 hours after the administration of injection by using transparent ruler scale for both experimental and control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package. Results: There was a significant difference was observed in the level of pain in all post-tests at the level of p<0.001 between the experimental and control group after the intervention but there was no difference was found in the size of ecchymosis both within experimental group and between the experimental and control group statistically. Conclusion: The findings of the study concluded that dry cold application is effective in reducing the level of pain and size of ecchymosis among patients receiving heparin injection.
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? RJPT All right reserved.Aim: To Perform Simultaneous Determination of Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Metformin Tablet dosage form developed in a simple, Accurate, precise manner. Method: Agilent C18 150 x 4.6mm, 5μ. Mobile phas...
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? RJPT All right reserved.Aim: To Perform Simultaneous Determination of Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Metformin Tablet dosage form developed in a simple, Accurate, precise manner. Method: Agilent C18 150 x 4.6mm, 5μ. Mobile phase containing 0.1% OPA: Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 50:50 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min used for the development of chromatogram. Buffer used in this method was 0.1% OPA. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 260nm. Results and Conclusion: Retention time of Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Metformin were found to be 2.253 min, 2.720 min, 3.276 min respectively. % RSD of the Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Metformin were and found to be 0.8, 0.2 and 0.6. % Recovery was obtained as 99.60%, 100.07% and 99.95% for Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Metformin respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Metformin were 0.06, 0.12, 9.61 and 0.17, 0.36, 29.31 respectively. Regression equation of Saxagliptin is y = 40882x + 889.2, Dapagliflozin is y = 47904x + 3897 and Metformin is y = 4530.x + 35785. Retention times were decreased and that run time was decreased, so the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries.
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